perinatologyРоссийский вестник перинатологии и педиатрииRossiyskiy Vestnik Perinatologii i Pediatrii (Russian Bulletin of Perinatology and Pediatrics)1027-40652500-2228Ltd. “The National Academy of Pediatric Science and Innovation”10.21508/1027-4065-2026-71-2-120-130perinatology-2388Research ArticleВ ПОМОЩЬ ПРАКТИЧЕСКОМУ ВРАЧУFOR THE PRACTITIONERИммунные факторы грудного молока и их роль в защите младенцаImmune factors of human breast milk and their role in infant protectionhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-4200-4598ЗахароваИ. Н.ZaharovaI. N.

Захарова Ирина Николаевна — д.м.н., профессор, заслуженный врач Российской Федерации, заведующий кафедрой педиатрии имени академика Г.Н. Сперанского 

125993, г. Москва, ул. Баррикадная, дом 2/1, строение 1 

125993, Moscow

125373, Moscow 

zakharova-rmapo@yandex.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-7055-7355ФурцевВ. И.FurcevV. I.

Фурцев Владимир Иванович — к.м.н., доцент кафедры поликлинической педиатрии и пропедевтики детских болезней с курсом последипломного образования; главный внештатный специалист по детскому питанию Минздрава Красноярского края

660125, Красноярск, ул. Партизана Железняка, дом 1 

660125, Krasnoyarsk

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2181-8138ПупыкинаВ. В.PupykinaV. V.

Пупыкина Виктория Викторовна — ассистент кафедры педиатрии имени академика Г.Н. Сперанского

125993, г. Москва, ул. Баррикадная, дом 2/1, строение 1 

125993, Moscow

141407, Khimki 

https://orcid.org/0009-0005-2121-4010ОробинскаяЯ. В.OrobinskayaYa. V.

Оробинская Яна Владимировна — ассистент кафедры педиатрии имени академика Г.Н. Сперанского

125993, г. Москва, ул. Баррикадная, дом 2/1, строение 1 

125993, Moscow

141407, Khimki 

ЧуриловаВ. Д.ChurilovaV. D.

Чурилова Виктория Дмитриевна — аспирант кафедры педиатрии имени академика Г.Н. Сперанского

125993, г. Москва, ул. Баррикадная, дом 2/1, строение 1 

125993, Moscow

ФГБОУ ДПО Российская медицинская академия непрерывного профессионального образования Минздрава России ; ГБУЗ «Детская городская клиническая больница имени З.А. Башляевой Департамента здравоохранения города Москвы»РоссияRussian Medical Academy of Continuing Professional Education ; Bashlyaeva Children’s City Clinical HospitalRussian FederationФГБОУ ВО «Красноярский государственный медицинский университет им. В.Ф. Войно-Ясенецкого»РоссияV.F. Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical UniversityRussian FederationФГБОУ ДПО Российская медицинская академия непрерывного профессионального образования Минздрава РоссииРоссияRussian Medical Academy of Continuing Professional Education ; Khimki Clinical HospitalRussian FederationФГБОУ ДПО Российская медицинская академия непрерывного профессионального образования Минздрава России ; ГБУЗ МО «Химкинская клиническая больница»РоссияRussian Medical Academy of Continuing Professional Education ; Khimki Clinical HospitalRussian FederationФГБОУ ДПО Российская медицинская академия непрерывного профессионального образования Минздрава России ; ГБУЗ МО «Химкинская клиническая больница»РоссияRussian Medical Academy of Continuing Professional EducationRussian Federation202625042026712120131Copyright © Ltd. “The National Academy of Pediatric Science and Innovation”, 20262026Ltd. “The National Academy of Pediatric Science and Innovation”Ltd. “The National Academy of Pediatric Science and Innovation”https://www.ped-perinatology.ru/jour/about/submissions#copyrightNoticehttps://www.ped-perinatology.ru/jour/article/view/2388

Грудное вскармливание оказывает положительное влияние на здоровье ребенка в долгосрочной перспективе, снижая риск развития как инфекционных, так и неинфекционных заболеваний. Грудное молоко содержит ряд биоактивных элементов, обеспечивающих его общую иммунологическую активность. Иммуноглобулины — уникальные компоненты грудного молока, осуществляющие разнонаправленное действие, которое способствует формированию локальной защиты слизистых оболочек, а также адекватному системному иммунному ответу. Иммуноглобулины играют ключевую роль в иммунной защите ребенка, оказывая существенное влияние на восприимчивость к инфекционным заболеваниям. Данный эффект реализуется благодаря способности иммуноглобулинов нейтрализовать патогены, предотвращать их проникновение, тем самым формируя первую линию защиты у новорожденного. Стволовые клетки грудного молока человека обладают способностями к самообновлению и многолинейной дифференцировке. Многочисленные исследования показывают, что стволовые клетки могут проникать в организм младенца в процессе грудного вскармливания, играя ключевую роль в развитии различных органов, тканей и нервной системы. Изучается роль экзосом грудного молока в активации и дифференциации иммунных клеток, развитии толерантности к антигенам, а также формировании иммунологических механизмов. Особый интерес представляет биологически активный компонент грудного молока — лактопонтин, который обладает иммунорегуляторным, антимикробным, противовоспалительным и пролиферативным действием, благодаря чему осуществляется иммуногенез новорожденного. Белково-липидный комплекс (HAMLET) со специфической и широкой бактерицидной и онкоцидной активностью является перспективным биологическим веществом, используемым для разработки новых методов борьбы с инфекциями и онкологическими заболеваниями. Дальнейшие исследования должны быть сосредоточены на детальном изучении механизмов действия каждого из компонентов грудного молока. Это позволит определить оптимальные способы профилактики и терапии различных заболеваний.

Breastfeeding exerts a positive long-term impact on child health, reducing the risk of both infectious and non-infectious diseases. Human milk contains a range of bioactive components that determine its overall immunological activity. Immunoglobulins are unique constituents of breast milk and exert multifaceted effects that promote the development of local mucosal protection as well as an adequate systemic immune response. Immunoglobulins play a key role in infant immune defense, substantially influencing susceptibility to infectious diseases. This effect is mediated by their ability to neutralize pathogens and prevent their penetration, thereby forming the newborn’s first line of defense. Human breast milk stem cells possess self-renewal capacity and multilineage differentiation potential. Numerous studies indicate that stem cells can enter the infant’s body during breastfeeding, playing a crucial role in the development of various organs, tissues, and the nervous system. The role of breast milk exosomes in immune cell activation and differentiation, the development of antigen tolerance, and the establishment of immunological mechanisms is being investigated. Of particular interest is the biologically active breast milk component lactopontin, which has immunoregulatory, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and proliferative effects, thereby supporting neonatal immunogenesis. The protein-lipid complex HAMLET, with specific and broad bactericidal and oncolytic activity, is a promising biological agent for the development of novel approaches to combating infections and cancer. Further research should focus on detailed investigation of the mechanisms of action of each breast milk component. This will enable the development of optimal strategies for the prevention and treatment of various diseases.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.