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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">perinatology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Российский вестник перинатологии и педиатрии</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Rossiyskiy Vestnik Perinatologii i Pediatrii (Russian Bulletin of Perinatology and Pediatrics)</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1027-4065</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2500-2228</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Ltd. “The National Academy of Pediatric Science and Innovation”</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21508/1027-4065-2026-71-3-7-15</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">perinatology-2417</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ПЕРЕДОВАЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>EDITORIAL</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Искусственный интеллект в диагностике наследственных болезней</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Artificial intelligence in the diagnosis of hereditary diseases</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3459-8851</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кобринский</surname><given-names>Б. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kobrinskii</surname><given-names>B. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кобринский Борис Аркадьевич — д.м.н., проф., зав. отделом систем интеллектуальной поддержки принятия решений, заслуженный деятель науки Российской Федерации</p><p>119333, г. Москва, ул. Вавилова, д.44, кор. 2</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>119333, Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">kba_05@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГУ Федеральный исследовательский центр «Информатика и управление» Российской академии наук</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Federal Research Center “Computer Science and Control” of Russian Academy of Sciences</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>21</day><month>07</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>71</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>7</fpage><lpage>15</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Ltd. “The National Academy of Pediatric Science and Innovation”, 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Ltd. “The National Academy of Pediatric Science and Innovation”</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Ltd. “The National Academy of Pediatric Science and Innovation”</copyright-holder><license xlink:href="https://www.ped-perinatology.ru/jour/about/submissions#copyrightNotice" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>https://www.ped-perinatology.ru/jour/about/submissions#copyrightNotice</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.ped-perinatology.ru/jour/article/view/2417">https://www.ped-perinatology.ru/jour/article/view/2417</self-uri><abstract><p>Диагностика редких болезней представляет значительные трудности как для врачей, так и для разработчиков систем искусственного интеллекта. Это обусловлено генотипическим и фенотипическим полиморфизмом нечетких клинических проявлений. Ранее созданные компьютерные системы не включали или в недостаточной степени подвергали анализу визуальные образы больных. Использование нейросетевых технологий в анализе фенотипов для распознавания болезни не позволяет объяснить предлагаемое решение и их применение невозможно на малых выборках редких заболеваний. В то же время задержка с нозологической идентификацией заболеваний приводит к появления необратимых патологических изменений, которые могли быть предотвращены при своевременном назначении патогенетической терапии, появившейся в последнее время для ряда наследственных болезней. Представлен вариант построения диагностической системы для редких болезней с включением визуальных образных рядов, сопровождающийся понятным для врача объяснением. Указаны особенности построения экспертной системы для дифференциальной диагностики наследственных болезней, реализованной для лизосомных болезней накопления. Комплексная количественная оценка признаков, используемых в диагностической интеллектуальной системе, реализована на основе факторов уверенности экспертов. Комплексный подход включает меры доверия к модальности (диагностической значимости признака), манифестации в определенном периоде жизни и выраженности. Рассмотрены варианты построения систем с участием пользователя на этапе оценки выдвигаемых гипотез. Реализованный на модели прогрессирующей мышечной дистрофии Дюшенна прототип гибридной интеллектуальной системы включает модуль для анализа прецедентов, представляющих атипичные варианты редкого заболевания. Развитие систем для диагностики редких заболеваний возможно реализовать в рамках гибридной интеллектуальной системы, построенной на основе логико-лингво-образной парадигмы в сочетании с принятием решений на прецедентах.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Diagnostics of rare diseases presents significant challenges for both physicians and developers of artificial intelligence systems. This is due to the genotypic and phenotypic polymorphism of fuzzy clinical manifestations. Previously created computer systems did not include or insufficiently analyzed visual images of patients. The use of neural network technologies in phenotype analysis for disease recognition does not explain the proposed solution and their application is impossible on small samples of rare diseases. At the same time, a delay in nosological identification of diseases leads to the appearance of irreversible pathological changes that could be prevented with the timely appointment of pathogenetic therapy, which has recently appeared for a number of hereditary diseases. A version of the construction of a diagnostic system for rare diseases is presented, including visual image rows, accompanied by an explanation understandable to the physician. The peculiarities of constructing an expert system for differential diagnosis of hereditary diseases, implemented for lysosomal storage diseases, are indicated. A quantitative comprehensive assessment of the symptoms used in the diagnostic intelligent system is implemented based on expert confidence factors. The integrated approach includes measures of confidence in modality (diagnostic significance of a symptom), manifestation during a certain period of life, and severity. Options for constructing systems with user participation at the stage of evaluating the hypotheses put forward are considered. A prototype of a hybrid intelligent system implemented on the model of progressive Duchenne muscular dystrophy includes a module for analyzing precedents representing atypical variants of a rare disease. The development of systems for diagnostics of rare diseases can be implemented within the framework of a hybrid intelligent system built on the basis of a logical-linguistic-image paradigm in combination with decision-making based on precedents. The combination of symbolic systems on knowledge with subsymbolic ones based on neural network technologies will provide the possibility of joint decision-making using verbal and image components and providing users with meaningful explanations of the hypotheses put forward, taking into account the physician’s specialization.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>дифференциальная диагностика</kwd><kwd>наследственные заболевания</kwd><kwd>искусственный интеллект</kwd><kwd>компьютерная поддержка принятия решений</kwd><kwd>объяснимость решений</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>differential diagnostics</kwd><kwd>hereditary diseases</kwd><kwd>artificial intelligence</kwd><kwd>computer decision support</kwd><kwd>explainability of decisions</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Захарова Е.Ю., Байдакова Г.В., Михайлова С.В., Пчелина С.Н., Краснопольская К.Д. 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