perinatologyРоссийский вестник перинатологии и педиатрииRossiyskiy Vestnik Perinatologii i Pediatrii (Russian Bulletin of Perinatology and Pediatrics)1027-40652500-2228Ltd. “The National Academy of Pediatric Science and Innovation”10.21508/1027-4065-2018-63-5-43-50perinatology-721Research ArticleОБЗОР ЛИТЕРАТУРЫREVIEWSУЧАСТИЕ ВИТАМИНА D В ПАТОГЕНЕЗЕ ЗАБОЛЕВАНИЙ СЕРДЕЧНО-СОСУДИСТОЙ СИСТЕМЫPARTICIPATION OF VITAMIN D IN PATHOGENESIS OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASEShttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-1202-1058КолесниковА. Н.KolesnikovA. N.

д.м.н., проректор по последипломному образованию, зав. кафедрой анестезиологии, реаниматологии и неонатологии.

ДубоваяА. В.DubovayaA. V.

к.м.н., доцент кафедры педиатрии факультета интернатуры и последипломного образования.

УдовитченкоЮ. В.UdovitchenkoYu. V.

ординатор кафедры педиатрии факультета интернатуры и последипломного образования.

83003 Украина, Донецк, пр. Ильича, д. 16.

ГОО ВПО «Донецкий национальный медицинский университет им. М. Горького».УкраинаGorky Donetsk National Medical University.Ukraine2018181120186354350Copyright © Ltd. “The National Academy of Pediatric Science and Innovation”, 20182018Ltd. “The National Academy of Pediatric Science and Innovation”Ltd. “The National Academy of Pediatric Science and Innovation”https://www.ped-perinatology.ru/jour/about/submissions#copyrightNoticehttps://www.ped-perinatology.ru/jour/article/view/721

Представлены данные экспериментальных и клинических исследований, посвященных изучению влияния витамина D на возникновение и прогрессирование заболеваний сердечно-сосудистой системы: артериальной гипертензии, атеросклероза, ишемической болезни сердца, нарушений ритма сердца. Результаты исследований свидетельствуют о том, что выраженный дефицит витамина D высоко коррелирует с внезапной сердечной смертью, сердечно-сосудистыми катастрофами, общей смертностью. Снижение содержания витамина D сопровождается повышением уровня общего холестерина, липопротеинов низкой плотности и триглицеридов, повышением частоты сердечных сокращений и систолического артериального давления. Метаанализы рандомизированных контролируемых исследований показали, что включение витамина D в комплекс лечебно-реабилитационных мероприятий, проводимых пациентам с сердечно-сосудистыми заболеваниями, способствует снижению показателей общей смертности.

The article presents data of experimental and clinical studies devoted to the influence of vitamin D on the origin and progression of the cardiovascular diseases: arterial hypertension, atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, cardiac rhythm disturbances. The results of the studies indicate that a pronounced deficiency of vitamin D is highly correlated with sudden cardiac death, cardiovascular catastrophes, and overall mortality. The decrease in vitamin D is followed by an increase in total cholesterol, low-density lipoproteins and triglycerides, an increase in the heart rate and the level of systolic blood pressure. The Meta-analyzes of randomized controlled trials demonstrated that the addition of vitamin D to treatment and rehabilitation measures of the patients with cardiovascular disease helps to reduce overall mortality.

детивитамин Dсердечно-сосудистые заболеваниянарушения ритма сердцаартериальная гипертензияишемическая болезнь сердцаchildrenvitamin Dcardiovascular diseasescardiac rhythm disturbancearterial hypertensionischemic heart diseaseReferencesMotiwalaa S.R., Wang T.J. Vitamin D and cardiovascular risk. Current Hypertens Rep 2012; 14(3): 209–218. DOI: 10.1007/s11906-012-0262-yMotiwalaa S.R., Wang T.J. Vitamin D and cardiovascular risk. Current Hypertens Rep 2012; 14(3): 209–218. DOI: 10.1007/s11906-012-0262-yPourdjabbar A., Dwivedi G., Haddad H. The role of vitamin D in chronic heart failure. Curr Opin Cardiol 2013; 28: 216–222. DOI: 10.1097/HCO.0b013e32835bd480Pourdjabbar A., Dwivedi G., Haddad H. The role of vitamin D in chronic heart failure. Curr Opin Cardiol 2013; 28: 216–222. DOI: 10.1097/HCO.0b013e32835bd480Merke J., Hofmann W., Goldschmidt D., Ritz E. Demonstration of 1,25(OH)2 vitamin D3 receptors and actions in vascular smooth muscle cells in vitro. Calcif Tissue Int 1987; 41: 112–114.Merke J., Hofmann W., Goldschmidt D., Ritz E. Demonstration of 1,25(OH)2 vitamin D3 receptors and actions in vascular smooth muscle cells in vitro. Calcif Tissue Int 1987; 41: 112–114.Somjen D., Weisman Y., Kohen F. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3-1-alpha-hydroxy-lase is expressed in human vascular smooth muscle cells and is upregulated by parathyroid hormone and estrogenic compounds. Circulation 2005; 111: 1666–1671. DOI: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000160353.27927.70.Somjen D., Weisman Y., Kohen F. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3-1-alpha-hydroxy-lase is expressed in human vascular smooth muscle cells and is upregulated by parathyroid hormone and estrogenic compounds. Circulation 2005; 111: 1666–1671. DOI: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000160353.27927.70.Merke J., Milde P., Lewicka A. Identification and regulation of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptor activity and biosynthesis of 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D3: studies in cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells and human dermal capillaries. J Clin Invest 1989; 83: 1903–1915.Merke J., Milde P., Lewicka A. Identification and regulation of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptor activity and biosynthesis of 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D3: studies in cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells and human dermal capillaries. J Clin Invest 1989; 83: 1903–1915.Zanello S.B., Collins E.D., Marinissen M.J. Vitamin D receptor expression in chicken muscle tissue and cultured myoblasts. Horm Metab Res 1997; 29: 231–236.Zanello S.B., Collins E.D., Marinissen M.J. Vitamin D receptor expression in chicken muscle tissue and cultured myoblasts. Horm Metab Res 1997; 29: 231–236.O’Connell T.D., Giacherio D.A., Jarvis A.K., Simpson R.U. Inhibition of cardiac myocyte maturation by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Endocrinology 1995; 136: 482–488.O’Connell T.D., Giacherio D.A., Jarvis A.K., Simpson R.U. Inhibition of cardiac myocyte maturation by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Endocrinology 1995; 136: 482–488.O’Connell T.D., Berry J.E., Jarvis A.K. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 regulation of cardiac myocyte proliferation and hypertrophy. Am J Physiol 1997; 272: H1751–H1758.O’Connell T.D., Berry J.E., Jarvis A.K. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 regulation of cardiac myocyte proliferation and hypertrophy. Am J Physiol 1997; 272: H1751–H1758.Li Y.C., Kong J., Wei M. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin ( D)3 is a negative endocrine regulator of the renin-angiotensin system. J Clin Invest 2002; 110: 229–238.Li Y.C., Kong J., Wei M. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin ( D)3 is a negative endocrine regulator of the renin-angiotensin system. J Clin Invest 2002; 110: 229–238.Bukoski R.D., Xue H., McCarron D.A. Effect of 1,25(OH)2 vitamin D3 and ionized Ca2 uptake by primary cultures of aortic myocytes of spontaneously hypertensive and Wistar Kyoto normotensive rats. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1987; 146: 1330–1335.Bukoski R.D., Xue H., McCarron D.A. Effect of 1,25(OH)2 vitamin D3 and ionized Ca2 uptake by primary cultures of aortic myocytes of spontaneously hypertensive and Wistar Kyoto normotensive rats. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1987; 146: 1330–1335.Rigby W.F., Denome S., Fanger M.W. Regulation of lymphokine production and human T lymphocyte activation by 1,25-dihydroxvitamin D3. Specific inhibition at the level of messenger RNA. J Clin Invest 1987; 79: 1659–1664.Rigby W.F., Denome S., Fanger M.W. Regulation of lymphokine production and human T lymphocyte activation by 1,25-dihydroxvitamin D3. Specific inhibition at the level of messenger RNA. J Clin Invest 1987; 79: 1659–1664.Oh J., Weng S., Felton S.K., Bhandare S., Riek A., Butler B. et al. 1,25(OH)2 Vitamin D inhibits foam cell formation and suppresses macrophage cholesterol uptake in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Circulation 2009; 120: 687–698. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.856070Oh J., Weng S., Felton S.K., Bhandare S., Riek A., Butler B. et al. 1,25(OH)2 Vitamin D inhibits foam cell formation and suppresses macrophage cholesterol uptake in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Circulation 2009; 120: 687–698. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.856070Holick M.F. Vitamin D deficiency. N Engl J Med 2007; 357: 266–281. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMra070553Holick M.F. Vitamin D deficiency. N Engl J Med 2007; 357: 266–281. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMra070553Dobnig H., Pilz S., Scharnagl H., Renner W., Seelhorst U., Wellnitz B. et al. Independent association of low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D levels with allcause and cardiovascular mortality. Arch Intern Med 2008; 168: 1340–1349. DOI: 10.1001/archinte.168.12.1340Dobnig H., Pilz S., Scharnagl H., Renner W., Seelhorst U., Wellnitz B. et al. Independent association of low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D levels with allcause and cardiovascular mortality. Arch Intern Med 2008; 168: 1340–1349. DOI: 10.1001/archinte.168.12.1340Boer I.H., Kestenbaum B., Shoben A.B., Michos E.D., Sarnak M.J., Siscovick D.S. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D levels inversely associate with risk for developing coronary artery calcification. J Am Soc Nephrol 2009; 20: 1805–1812. DOI: 10.1681/ASN.2008111157Boer I.H., Kestenbaum B., Shoben A.B., Michos E.D., Sarnak M.J., Siscovick D.S. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D levels inversely associate with risk for developing coronary artery calcification. J Am Soc Nephrol 2009; 20: 1805–1812. DOI: 10.1681/ASN.2008111157Scragg R., Sowers M., Bell C. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D, ethnicity, and blood pressure in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Am J Hypertens 2007; 20: 713–719. DOI: 10.1016/j.amjhyper.2007.01.017.Scragg R., Sowers M., Bell C. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D, ethnicity, and blood pressure in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Am J Hypertens 2007; 20: 713–719. DOI: 10.1016/j.amjhyper.2007.01.017.\Поворознюк В.В., Снежицкий В.А., Янковская Л.В., Майлян Э.А., Резниченко Н.А., Майлян Д.Э. Значение витамина D в патогенезе сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний. Журнал Гродненского государственного медицинского университета 2015; 2(50): 6–14.Povoroznyuk V.V., Snezhitsky V.A., Yankovskaya L.V., Mailian E.A., Reznichenko N.A., Maylyan D.E. The importance of vitamin D in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. ZHurnal Grodnenskogo gosudarstvennogo meditsinskogo universiteta (Journal of Grodno State Medical University) 2015; 2(50): 6–14. (in Russ)Rahman A., Hershey S., Ahmed S., Nibbelink K., Simpson R.U. Heart extracellular matrix gene expression profile in the vitamin D receptor knockout mice. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2007; 103: 416–419. DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2006.12.081Rahman A., Hershey S., Ahmed S., Nibbelink K., Simpson R.U. Heart extracellular matrix gene expression profile in the vitamin D receptor knockout mice. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2007; 103: 416–419. DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2006.12.081Chen S., Glenn D.J., Ni W. Expression of the vitamin d receptor is increased in the hypertrophic heart. Hypertension 2008; 52: 1106–1112. DOI: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.108.119602Chen S., Glenn D.J., Ni W. Expression of the vitamin d receptor is increased in the hypertrophic heart. Hypertension 2008; 52: 1106–1112. DOI: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.108.119602Anderson J.L., May H.T., Horne B.D. for the Intermountain Heart Collaborative ( IHC) Study Group. Relation of vitamin D deficiency to cardiovascular risk factors, disease status, and incident events in a general healthcare population. Am J Cardiol 2010; 106: 963–968. DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2010.05.027Anderson J.L., May H.T., Horne B.D. for the Intermountain Heart Collaborative ( IHC) Study Group. Relation of vitamin D deficiency to cardiovascular risk factors, disease status, and incident events in a general healthcare population. Am J Cardiol 2010; 106: 963–968. DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2010.05.027Zhou C., Lu F., Cao K., Xu D., Goltzman D., Miao D. Calciumindependent and 1,2(OH)2D3-dependent regulation of the renin-angiotensin system in 1-alpha-hydroxylase knockout nice. Kidney Int 2008; 74: 170–179. DOI: 10.1038/ki.2008.101Zhou C., Lu F., Cao K., Xu D., Goltzman D., Miao D. Calciumindependent and 1,2(OH)2D3-dependent regulation of the renin-angiotensin system in 1-alpha-hydroxylase knockout nice. Kidney Int 2008; 74: 170–179. DOI: 10.1038/ki.2008.101Resnick L.M., Muller F.B., Laragh J.H. Calcium-regulating hormones in essential hypertension: relation to plasma renin activity and sodium metabolism. Ann Intern Med 1986; 105: 649–654.Resnick L.M., Muller F.B., Laragh J.H. Calcium-regulating hormones in essential hypertension: relation to plasma renin activity and sodium metabolism. Ann Intern Med 1986; 105: 649–654.Scragg R.K., Camargo C.A.Jr., Simpson R. Relation of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D to heart rate and cardiac work ( from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys). Am J Cardiol 2010; 105: 122–128. DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2009.08.661Scragg R.K., Camargo C.A.Jr., Simpson R. Relation of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D to heart rate and cardiac work ( from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys). Am J Cardiol 2010; 105: 122–128. DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2009.08.661John W.G., Noonan K., Mannan N., Boucher B.J. Hypovitaminosis D is associated with reductions in serum apolipoprotein A-I but not with fasting lipids in British Bangladeshis. Am J Clin Nutr 2005; 82: 517–522. DOI: 10.1093/ajcn.82.3.517John W.G., Noonan K., Mannan N., Boucher B.J. Hypovitaminosis D is associated with reductions in serum apolipoprotein A-I but not with fasting lipids in British Bangladeshis. Am J Clin Nutr 2005; 82: 517–522. DOI: 10.1093/ajcn.82.3.517Gannage-Yared M., Chedid R., Khalife S., Azzi E., Zoghbi F., Halaby G. Vitamin D in relation to metabolic risk factors, insulin sensitivity and adiponectin in a young middleeastern population. Eur J Endocrinol 2009; 160: 965–971. DOI: 10.1530/EJE-08-0952Gannage-Yared M., Chedid R., Khalife S., Azzi E., Zoghbi F., Halaby G. Vitamin D in relation to metabolic risk factors, insulin sensitivity and adiponectin in a young middleeastern population. Eur J Endocrinol 2009; 160: 965–971. DOI: 10.1530/EJE-08-0952Rodriguez-Rodriguez E., Ortega R.M., Gonzalez-Rodriguez L.G., Lopez-Sobaler A.M. for UCM Research Group VALORNUT. Vitamin D deficiency is an independent predictor of elevated triglycerides in Spanish school children. Eur J Nutr 2011; 50(5):373–8. DOI: 10.1007/s00394-010-0145-4Rodriguez-Rodriguez E., Ortega R.M., Gonzalez-Rodriguez L.G., Lopez-Sobaler A.M. for UCM Research Group VALORNUT. Vitamin D deficiency is an independent predictor of elevated triglycerides in Spanish school children. Eur J Nutr 2011; 50(5):373–8. DOI: 10.1007/s00394-010-0145-4Karhapää P., Pihlajamäki J., Pörsti I., Kastarinen M., Mustonen J., Niemelä O. et al. Diverse associations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D with dyslipidaemias. J Intern Med 2010; 268: 604–610. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2010.02279.xKarhapää P., Pihlajamäki J., Pörsti I., Kastarinen M., Mustonen J., Niemelä O. et al. Diverse associations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D with dyslipidaemias. J Intern Med 2010; 268: 604–610. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2010.02279.xKasuga H., Hosogane N., Matsuoka K. Characterization of transgenic rats constitutively expressing vitamin D-24-hydroxylase gene. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2002; 297: 1332–1338.Kasuga H., Hosogane N., Matsuoka K. Characterization of transgenic rats constitutively expressing vitamin D-24-hydroxylase gene. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2002; 297: 1332–1338.Shen H., Bielak F.L., Ferguson J.F., Streeten E.A., Yerges-Armstrong L.M., Liu J. Association of the vitamin D metabolism gene CYP24A1 with coronary artery calcification. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2010; 30: 2648–2654. DOI: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.110.211805Shen H., Bielak F.L., Ferguson J.F., Streeten E.A., Yerges-Armstrong L.M., Liu J. Association of the vitamin D metabolism gene CYP24A1 with coronary artery calcification. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2010; 30: 2648–2654. DOI: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.110.211805Watson K.E., Abrolat M.L., Malone L.L. Active serum vitamin D levels are inversely correlated with coronary calcification. Circulation 1997; 96: 1755–1760.Watson K.E., Abrolat M.L., Malone L.L. Active serum vitamin D levels are inversely correlated with coronary calcification. Circulation 1997; 96: 1755–1760.Kendrick J., Targher G., Smits G., Chonchol M. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D deficiency is independently associated with cardiovascular disease in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Atherosclerosis 2009; 205: 255–260. DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2008.10.033Kendrick J., Targher G., Smits G., Chonchol M. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D deficiency is independently associated with cardiovascular disease in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Atherosclerosis 2009; 205: 255–260. DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2008.10.033Kim D.H., Sabour S., Sagar U.N., Adams S., Whellan D.J. Prevalence of hypovitaminosis D in cardiovascular diseases (from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001 to 2004). Am J Cardiol 2008; 102: 1540–1544. DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2008.06.067Kim D.H., Sabour S., Sagar U.N., Adams S., Whellan D.J. Prevalence of hypovitaminosis D in cardiovascular diseases (from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001 to 2004). Am J Cardiol 2008; 102: 1540–1544. DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2008.06.067Wang T.J., Pencina M.J., Booth S.L., Jacques P.F., Ingelsson E., Lanier K. et al. Vitamin D deficiency and risk of cardiovascular disease. Circulation 2008; 117: 503–511. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.706127Wang T.J., Pencina M.J., Booth S.L., Jacques P.F., Ingelsson E., Lanier K. et al. Vitamin D deficiency and risk of cardiovascular disease. Circulation 2008; 117: 503–511. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.706127Giovannucci E., Liu Y., Hollis B.W., Rimm E.B. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D and risk of myocardial infarction in men: a prospective study. Arch Intern Med 2008; 168 (11): 1174–1180. DOI: 10.1001/archinte.168.11.1174Giovannucci E., Liu Y., Hollis B.W., Rimm E.B. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D and risk of myocardial infarction in men: a prospective study. Arch Intern Med 2008; 168 (11): 1174–1180. DOI: 10.1001/archinte.168.11.1174Dreschler C., Pilz S., Obermayer-Pietsch B., Andreas M.V., Krane T.V. et al. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with sudden cardiac death, combined cardiovascular events, and mortality in haemodialysis patients. Eur Heart J 2010; 31: 2253–2261. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehq246.Dreschler C., Pilz S., Obermayer-Pietsch B., Andreas M.V., Krane T.V. et al. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with sudden cardiac death, combined cardiovascular events, and mortality in haemodialysis patients. Eur Heart J 2010; 31: 2253–2261. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehq246.\Brunvand L., Haga P., Tangsrud S.E., Haug E. Congestive heart failure caused by vitamin D deficiency? Acta Paediatr 1995; 84: 106–108.Brunvand L., Haga P., Tangsrud S.E., Haug E. Congestive heart failure caused by vitamin D deficiency? Acta Paediatr 1995; 84: 106–108.Shane E., Mancini D., Aaronson K. Bone mass, vitamin D deficiency, and hyperparathyroidism in congestive heart failure. Am J Med 1997; 103:197–207.Shane E., Mancini D., Aaronson K. Bone mass, vitamin D deficiency, and hyperparathyroidism in congestive heart failure. Am J Med 1997; 103:197–207.Zittermann A., Schleithoff S.S., Tenderich G. Low vitamin D status: a contributing factor in the pathogenesis of congestive heart failure? J Am Coll Cardiol 2003; 41: 105–112.Zittermann A., Schleithoff S.S., Tenderich G. Low vitamin D status: a contributing factor in the pathogenesis of congestive heart failure? J Am Coll Cardiol 2003; 41: 105–112.Zittermann A., Schleithoff S.S., Gotting C., Dronow O., Fuchs U., Kuhn J. Poor outcome in end-stage heart failure patients with low circulating calcitriol levels. Eur J Heart Fail 2008; 10: 321–327. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejheart.2008.01.013Zittermann A., Schleithoff S.S., Gotting C., Dronow O., Fuchs U., Kuhn J. Poor outcome in end-stage heart failure patients with low circulating calcitriol levels. Eur J Heart Fail 2008; 10: 321–327. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejheart.2008.01.013Liu L.C., Voors A.A., van Veldhuisen D.J. van der Veer E., Belonje A.M., Szymanski M.K. et al. Vitamin D status and outcomes in heart failure patients. Eur J Heart Fail 2011; 13: 619–625. DOI: 10.1093/eurjhf/hfr032Liu L.C., Voors A.A., van Veldhuisen D.J. van der Veer E., Belonje A.M., Szymanski M.K. et al. Vitamin D status and outcomes in heart failure patients. Eur J Heart Fail 2011; 13: 619–625. DOI: 10.1093/eurjhf/hfr032Gotsman I., Shauer A., Zwas D.R., Hellman Y., Keren A., Lotan C. et al. Vitamin D deficiency is a predictor of reduced survival in patients with heart failure; vitamin D supplementation improves outcome. Eur J Heart Fail 2012; 14: 357–366. DOI: 10.1093/eurjhf/hfr175Gotsman I., Shauer A., Zwas D.R., Hellman Y., Keren A., Lotan C. et al. Vitamin D deficiency is a predictor of reduced survival in patients with heart failure; vitamin D supplementation improves outcome. Eur J Heart Fail 2012; 14: 357–366. DOI: 10.1093/eurjhf/hfr175Demir M., Uyan U., Melek M. The Effects of Vitamin D Deficiency on the Atrial Fibrillation. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 2014; 20(1): 98–103. DOI: 10.1177/1076029612453762Demir M., Uyan U., Melek M. The Effects of Vitamin D Deficiency on the Atrial Fibrillation. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 2014; 20(1): 98–103. DOI: 10.1177/1076029612453762Chen W.R., Liu Z.Y., Shi Y., Yin D.W., Wang H., Sha Y. et al. Relation of Low Vitamin D to Nonvalvular Persistent Atrial Fibrillation in Chinese Patients. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol 2014; 19(2): 166–173. DOI: 10.1111/anec.12105Chen W.R., Liu Z.Y., Shi Y., Yin D.W., Wang H., Sha Y. et al. Relation of Low Vitamin D to Nonvalvular Persistent Atrial Fibrillation in Chinese Patients. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol 2014; 19(2): 166–173. DOI: 10.1111/anec.12105Qayyum F., Landex N.L., Agner B.R., Rasmussen M., Jons C., Dixen U. Vitamin D deficiency is unrelated to type of atrial fibrillation and its complications. Dan Med J 2012; 59(9): A 4505.Qayyum F., Landex N.L., Agner B.R., Rasmussen M., Jons C., Dixen U. Vitamin D deficiency is unrelated to type of atrial fibrillation and its complications. Dan Med J 2012; 59(9): A 4505.Rienstra M., Cheng S., Larson M.G., McCabe E.L., Booth S.L., Jacques P.F. et al. Vitamin D status is not related to development of atrial fibrillation in the community. Am Heart J 2011; 162(3): 538–541. DOI: 10.1016/j.ahj.2011.06.013Rienstra M., Cheng S., Larson M.G., McCabe E.L., Booth S.L., Jacques P.F. et al. Vitamin D status is not related to development of atrial fibrillation in the community. Am Heart J 2011; 162(3): 538–541. DOI: 10.1016/j.ahj.2011.06.013Дубовая А.В. Возможности коррекции дисэлементоза и витаминной недостаточности у детей с нарушениями ритма сердца на различных этапах лечебно-реабилитационных мероприятий. Таврический медико-биологический вестник 2016; 19(1): 19–21.Dubovaya A.V. Possibilities of correction of diselementosis and vitamin deficiency in children with heart rhythm disorders at various stages of treatment and rehabilitation activities. Tavricheskij mediko-biologicheskij vestnik (Taurian Medical and Biological Herald) 2016; 19(1): 19–21. (in Russ)Scragg R., Khaw K.T., Murphy S. Effect of winter oral vitamin D3 supplementa-tion on cardiovascular risk factors in elderly adults. Eur J Clin Nutr 1995; 49: 640–646.Scragg R., Khaw K.T., Murphy S. Effect of winter oral vitamin D3 supplementa-tion on cardiovascular risk factors in elderly adults. Eur J Clin Nutr 1995; 49: 640–646.Pfeifer M., Begerow B., Minne H.W. Effects of a short-term vitamin D(3) and calcium supplementation on blood pressure and parathyroid hormone levels in elderly women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001; 86: 1633–1637.Pfeifer M., Begerow B., Minne H.W. Effects of a short-term vitamin D(3) and calcium supplementation on blood pressure and parathyroid hormone levels in elderly women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001; 86: 1633–1637.Witham M.D., Nadir M.A., Struthers A.D. Effect of vitamin D on blood pressure: a systematic review and metaanalysis. J Hypertens 2009; 27: 1948–1954. DOI: 10.1097/HJH.0b013e32832f075bWitham M.D., Nadir M.A., Struthers A.D. Effect of vitamin D on blood pressure: a systematic review and metaanalysis. J Hypertens 2009; 27: 1948–1954. DOI: 10.1097/HJH.0b013e32832f075bPittas A.G., Chung M., Trikalinos T. Systematic review: vitamin D and cardiometabolic outcomes. Ann Intern Med 2010; 152: 307–314. DOI: 10.7326/0003-4819-152-5-201003020-00009Pittas A.G., Chung M., Trikalinos T. Systematic review: vitamin D and cardiometabolic outcomes. Ann Intern Med 2010; 152: 307–314. DOI: 10.7326/0003-4819-152-5-201003020-00009Wu S.H., Ho S.C., Zhong L. Effects of vitamin D supplementation on blood pressure. South Med J 2010; 103: 729–737. DOI: 10.1097/SMJ.0b013e3181e6d389Wu S.H., Ho S.C., Zhong L. Effects of vitamin D supplementation on blood pressure. South Med J 2010; 103: 729–737. DOI: 10.1097/SMJ.0b013e3181e6d389Major G.C., Alarie F., Dore J. Supplementation with calcium+vitamin D enhances the beneficial effect of weight loss on plasma lipid and lipoprotein concentrations. Am J Clin Nutr 2007; 85: 54–59. DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/85.1.54Major G.C., Alarie F., Dore J. Supplementation with calcium+vitamin D enhances the beneficial effect of weight loss on plasma lipid and lipoprotein concentrations. Am J Clin Nutr 2007; 85: 54–59. DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/85.1.54Zitterman A., Frisch S., Berthold H.K. Vitamin D supplementation enhances the beneficial effects of weight loss on cardiovascular disease risk markers. Am J Clin Nutr 2009; 89: 1321–1327. DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.2008.27004Zitterman A., Frisch S., Berthold H.K. Vitamin D supplementation enhances the beneficial effects of weight loss on cardiovascular disease risk markers. Am J Clin Nutr 2009; 89: 1321–1327. DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.2008.27004Wang L., Manson J.E., Song Y., Sesso H.D. Systematic review: vitamin D and calcium supplementation in prevention of cardiovascular events. Ann Intern Med 2010; 152: 315–323. DOI: 10.7326/0003-4819-152-5-201003020-00010Wang L., Manson J.E., Song Y., Sesso H.D. Systematic review: vitamin D and calcium supplementation in prevention of cardiovascular events. Ann Intern Med 2010; 152: 315–323. DOI: 10.7326/0003-4819-152-5-201003020-00010Autier P., Gandini S. Vitamin D supplementation and total mortality: a metaanalysis of randomized controlled trials. Arch Intern Med 2007; 167: 1730–1737. DOI: 10.1001/archinte.167.16.1730Autier P., Gandini S. Vitamin D supplementation and total mortality: a metaanalysis of randomized controlled trials. Arch Intern Med 2007; 167: 1730–1737. DOI: 10.1001/archinte.167.16.1730McNally J.D., Nama N., O’Hearn K., Sampson M., Amrein K., Iliriani K. et al. Vitamin D deficiency in critically ill children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Critical Care 2017; 21(1): 287. DOI: 10.1186/s13054-017-1875-yMcNally J.D., Nama N., O’Hearn K., Sampson M., Amrein K., Iliriani K. et al. Vitamin D deficiency in critically ill children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Critical Care 2017; 21(1): 287. DOI: 10.1186/s13054-017-1875-y

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.