<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">perinatology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Российский вестник перинатологии и педиатрии</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Rossiyskiy Vestnik Perinatologii i Pediatrii (Russian Bulletin of Perinatology and Pediatrics)</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1027-4065</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2500-2228</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Ltd. “The National Academy of Pediatric Science and Innovation”</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21508/1027-4065-2019-64-2-81-86</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">perinatology-861</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Метаболическая активность кишечной микрофлоры у новорожденных детей при различном способе родоразрешения</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Metabolic activity of intestinal microflora in newborns with a different mode of delivery</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6646-302X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Николаева</surname><given-names>И. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Nikolaeva</surname><given-names>I. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Николаева Ирина Венидиктовна – д.м.н., проф., зав. кафедрой инфекционных болезней.</p><p>420012 Казань, ул. Бутлерова, д. 49.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Kazan</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">irinanicolaeva1962@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4389-4775</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шайхиева</surname><given-names>Г. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shaikhieva</surname><given-names>G. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Шайхиева Гульнара Сиреневна – аспирант кафедры инфекционных болезней.</p><p>420012 Казань, ул. Бутлерова, д. 49.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Kazan</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2794-0989</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Анохин</surname><given-names>В. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Anokhin</surname><given-names>V. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Анохин Владимир Алексеевич – д.м.н., проф., зав. кафедрой детских инфекций.</p><p>420012 Казань, ул. Бутлерова, д. 49.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Kazan</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Царегородцев</surname><given-names>А. Д.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Tsaregorodtsev</surname><given-names>A. D.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Царегородцев Александр Дмитриевич – д.м.н., проф., советник ректора.</p><p>117997 Москва, ул. Островитянова, д. 1.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Moscow</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шарафутдинов</surname><given-names>И. Х.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sharafutdinov</surname><given-names>I. Kh.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Шарафутдинов Ильнур Хасанович – гл. врач.</p><p>420012 Казань, ул. Толстого, д. 4.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Kazan</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБОУ ВО «Казанский государственный медицинский университет» Минздрава России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Kazan State Medical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБОУ ВО «Российский национальный медицинский университет им. Н.И. Пирогова» Минздрава России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ГАУЗ «Клиника медицинского университета»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Clinic of the medical university</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2019</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>15</day><month>05</month><year>2019</year></pub-date><volume>64</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>81</fpage><lpage>86</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Ltd. “The National Academy of Pediatric Science and Innovation”, 2019</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2019</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Ltd. “The National Academy of Pediatric Science and Innovation”</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Ltd. “The National Academy of Pediatric Science and Innovation”</copyright-holder><license xlink:href="https://www.ped-perinatology.ru/jour/about/submissions#copyrightNotice" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>https://www.ped-perinatology.ru/jour/about/submissions#copyrightNotice</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.ped-perinatology.ru/jour/article/view/861">https://www.ped-perinatology.ru/jour/article/view/861</self-uri><abstract><p>Изучены микробный состав и метаболическая активность кишечной микробиоты у 20 детей, рожденных путем кесарева сечения (основная группа), и 20 детей, рожденных, вагинальным путем (контрольная группа). У 4 (20%) детей основной группы и 6 (30%) детей контрольной группы бактериологическим методом из мекония выделены бифидобактерии в концентрации 105–1010 КОЕ/г. У детей обеих групп независимо от способа родоразрешения методом газожидкостной хроматографии выявлена метаболическая активность различных представителей кишечной микрофлоры, показатели которой были существенно ниже, чем у детей грудного возраста. Абсолютное и относительное содержание короткоцепочечных жирных кислот в меконии у детей обеих групп не различались. Данные газожидкостной хроматографии указывают на метаболическую активность микробиоты мекония, в составе которой доминируют анаэробные популяции микробов и имеется высокая доля протеолитической и условно-патогенной флоры. Полученные данные подтверждают наличие процесса внутриутробной транслокации микробов от матери к ребенку и свидетельствуют о важности микрофлоры будущей матери в процессе формирования кишечной микробиоты ребенка.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The authors studied microbial composition and metabolic activity of the intestinal microbiota in 20 babies born by caesarean section (main group) and 20 babies born vaginally (control group). There were isolated bifidobacteria from meconium at a concentration of 105– 1010 CFU/g by the bacteriological method in 4 (20%) children of the main group and 6 (30%) children in the control group. The gas-liquid chromatography revealed the metabolic activity of various representatives of the intestinal microflora in children of both groups, regardless of the mode of delivery; the indicators of metabolic activity were significantly lower than in the infants. The children in both groups had similar absolute and relative content of short-chain fatty acids in meconium. The data of gas-liquid chromatography indicate the metabolic activity of the meconium microbiota, which is dominated by anaerobic microbial populations and there is a high proportion of proteolytic and conditionally pathogenic flora. The data obtained confirm the process of intrauterine translocation of microbes from mother to child and indicate the importance of the microflora of the future mother in the process of forming the intestinal microbiota of the child.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>новорожденный</kwd><kwd>кесарево сечение</kwd><kwd>меконий</kwd><kwd>микробиота</kwd><kwd>короткоцепочечные жирные кислоты</kwd><kwd>газожидкостная хроматография</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>newborn</kwd><kwd>cesarean section</kwd><kwd>meconium</kwd><kwd>microbiota</kwd><kwd>short-chain fatty acids</kwd><kwd>gas-liquid chromatography</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бондаренко В.М., Мацулевич Т.В. Дисбактериоз кишечника как клинико-лабораторный синдром: современное состояние проблемы. Москва: ГЭОТАР-Медиа, 2007; 300.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bondarenko V.M., Matsulevich T.V. Dysbacteriosisof the intestine as a clinical and laboratory syndrome: the current state of the problem. Moscow: GEOTAR-Media, 2007; 300. (in Russ)]</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Thursby E., Juge N. Introduction to the human gut microbiota. Biochem J 2017; 474(11): 1823–1836. DOI: 10.1042/BCJ20160510</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Thursby E., Juge N. Introduction to the human gut microbiota. Biochem J 2017; 474(11): 1823–1836. DOI: 10.1042/BCJ20160510</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hesla H.M., Stenius F., Jäderlund L., Nelson R., Engstrand L., Alm J. et al. Impact of lifestyle on the gut microbiota of healthy infants and their mothers – the ALADDIN birth cohort. Microbiol Ecol 2014; 90(3): 791–801. DOI: 10.1111/1574-6941.12434</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hesla H.M., Stenius F., Jäderlund L., Nelson R., Engstrand L., Alm J. et al. Impact of lifestyle on the gut microbiota of healthy infants and their mothers – the ALADDIN birth cohort. Microbiol Ecol 2014; 90(3): 791–801. DOI: 10.1111/1574-6941.12434</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Biasucci G., Rubini M., Riboni S., Morelli L., Bessi E., Retetangos C. Mode of delivery affects the bacterial community in the newborn gut. Early Hum Dev 2010; 86(1):13–18. DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2010.01.004</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Biasucci G., Rubini M., Riboni S., Morelli L., Bessi E., Retetangos C. Mode of delivery affects the bacterial community in the newborn gut. Early Hum Dev 2010; 86(1):13–18. DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2010.01.004</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jakobsson H.E., Abrahamsson T.R., Jenmalm M.C., Harris K., Quince C., Jernberg C. et al. Decreased gut microbiota diversity, delayed Bacteroidetes colonisation and reduced Th1 responses in infants delivered by caesarean section. Gut 2014; 63(4): 559–566. DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2012-303249</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jakobsson H.E., Abrahamsson T.R., Jenmalm M.C., Harris K., Quince C., Jernberg C. et al. Decreased gut microbiota diversity, delayed Bacteroidetes colonisation and reduced Th1 responses in infants delivered by caesarean section. Gut 2014; 63(4): 559–566. DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2012-303249</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bager P., Wohlfahrt J., Westergaard T. Caesarean delivery and risk of atopy and allergic disease: meta-analyses. Clin Exp Allergy 2008; 38(4): 634–642. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2008.02939.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bager P., Wohlfahrt J., Westergaard T. Caesarean delivery and risk of atopy and allergic disease: meta-analyses. Clin Exp Allergy 2008; 38(4): 634–642. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2008.02939.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nagpal R., Tsuji H., Takahashi T., Nomoto K., Kawashima K., NagataS. et al. Ontogenesis of the Gut Microbiota Composition in Healthy, Full-Term, Vaginally Born and BreastFed Infants over the First 3 Years of Life: A Quantitative Bird’s-Eye View. Front Microbiol 2017; 8: 1388–1397. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01388</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nagpal R., Tsuji H., Takahashi T., Nomoto K., Kawashima K., NagataS. et al. Ontogenesis of the Gut Microbiota Composition in Healthy, Full-Term, Vaginally Born and BreastFed Infants over the First 3 Years of Life: A Quantitative Bird’s-Eye View. Front Microbiol 2017; 8: 1388–1397. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01388</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nagpal R., Tsuji H., Takahashi T., Kawashima K., Nagata S., Nomoto K. et al. Sensitive quantitative analysis of the meconium bacterial microbiota in healthy term infants born vaginally or by cesarean section. Front Microbiol 2017; 7: 1997–2006. DOI:10.3389/fmicb.2016.01997</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nagpal R., Tsuji H., Takahashi T., Kawashima K., Nagata S., Nomoto K. et al. Sensitive quantitative analysis of the meconium bacterial microbiota in healthy term infants born vaginally or by cesarean section. Front Microbiol 2017; 7: 1997–2006. DOI:10.3389/fmicb.2016.01997</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tsuji H., Oozeer R., Matsuda K., Matsuki T., Ohta T., Nomoto K. et al. Molecular monitoring of the development of intestinal microbiota in Japanese infants. Benef Microbes 2012; 3(2): 113–125. DOI:10.3920/BM2011.0038</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tsuji H., Oozeer R., Matsuda K., Matsuki T., Ohta T., Nomoto K. et al. Molecular monitoring of the development of intestinal microbiota in Japanese infants. Benef Microbes 2012; 3(2): 113–125. DOI:10.3920/BM2011.0038</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Николаева И.В., Анохин В.А., Купчихина Л.А. Формирование кишечной микрофлоры у детей, рожденных естественным и оперативным путем. Казанский медицинский журнал 2009; 6(90): 852–856.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nikolaeva I.V., Anohin V.A., Kupchihina L.N. The peculiarities of intestinal microflora formation in infants born naturally and by an operational technique. Kazanskii meditsinskii zhurnal 2009; 6(90): 852–856. (in Russ)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dominguez-Bello M., Elizabeth K., Contreras M., Magris M., Hidalgo G., Fierer N. et al. Delivery mode shapes the acquisition and structure of the initial microbiota across multiple body habitats in newborns. PNAS 2010; 107(26): 11971–11975. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1002601107</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dominguez-Bello M., Elizabeth K., Contreras M., Magris M., Hidalgo G., Fierer N. et al. Delivery mode shapes the acquisition and structure of the initial microbiota across multiple body habitats in newborns. PNAS 2010; 107(26): 11971–11975. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1002601107</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Булатов В.П., Камалова А.А., Удачина Э.И., Зинкевич О.Д., Сафина Н.А., Шакирова А.Р. Современные методы диагностики дисбактериоза кишечника. Практическая медицина 2010; 6(45): 50–54.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bulatov V.P., Kamalova A.A., Udachina E.I., Zinkevich O.D., Safina N.A., Shakirova A.R. Modern methods of diagnostics intestinal dysbiosis. Prakticheskaya meditsina 2010; 6(45): 50–54. (in Russ)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Мескина Е.Р. Особенности микробиоты у детей с отягощенным преморбидным состоянием при вирусных диареях. Способы коррекции нарушений. РМЖ 2011; 19(18):1126–1130.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Meskina E.R. Features of child’s microbiota with a burdened premorbid state with viral diarrhea. Methods of correcting violations. RMZh 2011; 19(18): 1126–1130. (in Russ)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ардатская М.Д., Минушкин О.Н. Современные принципы диагностики и фармакологической коррекции. Гастроэнтерология (Прил. к журн. Consilium Medicum) 2006; 2: 4–17.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ardatskaya M.D., Minushkin O.N. Modern principles of diagnosis and pharmacological correction. Gastroenterologiya (Suppl to Consilium Medicum) 2006; 2: 4–17. (in Russ)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tan J., McKenzie C., Potamitis M., Thorburn A.N., Mackay C.R., Macia L. The role of short-chain fatty acids in health and disease. Adv Immunol 2014; 121: 91–119. DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-800100-4.00003-9</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tan J., McKenzie C., Potamitis M., Thorburn A.N., Mackay C.R., Macia L. The role of short-chain fatty acids in health and disease. Adv Immunol 2014; 121: 91–119. DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-800100-4.00003-9</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Захарова И.Н., Сугян Н.Г., Ардатская М.Д. Метаболическая активность кишечной микрофлоры у детей раннего возраста с нарушениями пищеварения. Эффективная фармакотерапия 2011; 29: 16–21.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zaharova I.N., Sugyan N.G., Ardatskaya M.D. Metabolic activity of intestinal microflora in young children with digestive disorders. Effektivnaya farmakoterapiya 2011; 29: 16–21. (in Russ)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Мартынова Г.П., Коган Н.В., Соловьева И.А. Нарушения метаболической активности кишечной микрофлоры и местного иммунитета при ротавирусной инфекции. Детские инфекции 2014; 13(2): 5–8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Martynova G.P., Kogan N.V., Solov’eva I.A. Disturbance of metabolic activity of intestinal microflora and local immunity of rotavirus infection. Detskie infektsii 2014; 13(2): 5–8. (in Russ)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Богданова С.В., Сенцова Т.Б., Денисова С.Н., Ильенко Л.И., Ревякина В.А., Тарасова О.В. и др. Метаболическая активность кишечной микрофлоры и характер сенсибилизации при различных видах вскармливания у здоровых детей. Российский вестник перинатологии и педиатрии 2015; 5: 135–142.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bogdanova S.V., Sentsova T.B., Denisova S.N., Il’enko L.I., Revyakina V.A., Tarasova O.V. The metabolic activity of the enteric microflora and the pattern of sensitization in different types of feeding in healthy infants. Rossiyskiy Vestnik Perinatologii i Pediatrii (Russian Bulletin of Perinatology and Pediatrics) 2015; 5: 135–142. (in Russ)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Мазанкова Л.Н., Ильина Н.О., Бегиашвили Л.В. Метаболические эффекты пробиотической терапии при вирусных диареях у детей. РМЖ 2010; 18(20): 1232–1236.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mazankova L.N., Il’ina N.O., Begiashvili L.V. The metabolic effects of probiotic therapy in viral diarrhea in children. RMZh 2010; 18(20): 1232–1236. (in Russ)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pluznick J. Gut microbes and host physiology: what happens when you host billions of guests? Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2014; 5: 91. DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2014.00091</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pluznick J. Gut microbes and host physiology: what happens when you host billions of guests? Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2014; 5: 91. DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2014.00091</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Li L., Ma L., Fu P. Gut microbiota-derived short-chain fatty acids and kidney diseases. 2017; 11: 3531–3542. Drug Design, Development and Therapy DOI: 10.2147/DDDT.S150825</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Li L., Ma L., Fu P. Gut microbiota-derived short-chain fatty acids and kidney diseases. 2017; 11: 3531–3542. Drug Design, Development and Therapy DOI: 10.2147/DDDT.S150825</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Aagaard K., Ma J., Antony K.M., Ganu R., Petrosino J., Versalovic J. The placenta harbors a unique microbiome. Sci Trans Med 2014; 6: 237. DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3008599</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aagaard K., Ma J., Antony K.M., Ganu R., Petrosino J., Versalovic J. The placenta harbors a unique microbiome. Sci Trans Med 2014; 6: 237. DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3008599</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Romero R., Hassan S.S., Gajer P., Tarca A.L., Fadrosh D.W., Nikita L. et al. The composition and stability of the vaginal microbiota of normal pregnant women is different from that of non-pregnant women. Microbiome 2014; 2(1): 4. DOI: 10.1186/2049-2618-2-4</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Romero R., Hassan S.S., Gajer P., Tarca A.L., Fadrosh D.W., Nikita L. et al. The composition and stability of the vaginal microbiota of normal pregnant women is different from that of non-pregnant women. Microbiome 2014; 2(1): 4. DOI: 10.1186/2049-2618-2-4</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Moles L., Gómez M., Heilig H., Bustos G., Fuentes S., de Vos W. et al. Bacterial diversity in meconium of preterm neonates and evolution of their fecal microbiota during the first month of life. PLoS One 2013; 8(6). DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066986</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Moles L., Gómez M., Heilig H., Bustos G., Fuentes S., de Vos W. et al. Bacterial diversity in meconium of preterm neonates and evolution of their fecal microbiota during the first month of life. PLoS One 2013; 8(6). DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066986</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Захарова И.Н., Ардатская М.Д., Свинцицкая В.И., Сугян Н.Г., Елезова Л.И., Гадзова И.С. Метаболическая активность кишечной микрофлоры у детей на фоне применения cинбиотика, содержащего bifidobacterium bb-12, lactobacillus acidophilus la-5 и фруктоолигосахарид. Педиатрия. Журнал им. Г.Н. Сперанского 2011; 90(3): 118–123.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zaharova I.N., Ardatskaya M.D., Svinitskaya V.I., Sugyan N.G., Elezova L.I., Gadzova I.S. Metabolic activity of intestinal microflora in children with the use of a synbiotic containing bifidobacterium bb-12, lactobacillus acidophilus la-5 and fructooligosaccharide. Pediatria 2011; 90(3): 118–123. (in Russ)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
