Assessment of higher mental functions in patients with idiopathic (genetic) generalized epilepsies

The article reviews the influence of idiopathic (genetic) generalized forms of epilepsy on higher mental functions. It is a common view that those forms have the least impact on the maturation of mental functions in children and adolescents and on the neuropsychological status of adult patients. The results of the higher mental functions dynamics assessment in patients with idiopathic generalized epilepsies are heterogeneous for a number of reasons that are analyzed in the article (the most important reasons are the lack of a unified methodology for cognitive functions evaluation, the lack of separation of the effects of epilepsy and antiepileptic drugs, the lack of differentiation of genetic generalized forms of epilepsy when processing the results). According to the authors, the following mental functions decrease to a greater extent: memory, executive functions, visual-spatial gnosis and speech.

1. Scheffer I.E., Berkovich S., Capovilla G., Connolly M.B., French J., Guilhoto L. et al. ILAE classification of the epilepsies: Position paper of the ILAE Commission for Classification and Terminology. Epilepsia 2017; 58(4): 512—521. DOI: 10.1111/epi.13709

2. Ratcliffe C., Wandschneider B., Baxendale S., Thompson P., Koepp M.J., Caciagli L. Cognitive Function in Genetic Generalized Epilepsies: Insights From Neuropsychology and Neuroimaging. Front Neurol 2020; 11: 144. DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00144

3. Jeong M.H., Yum M.-S., Ko T.-S., You S.J., Lee E.H., Yoo H.K. Neuropsychological status of children with newly diagnosed idiopathic childhood epilepsy. Brain Dev 2011; 33(8): 666-671. DOI: 10.3988/jcn.2015.1LL20

4. Bhise V.V., Burack G.D., Mandelbaum D.E. Baseline cognition, behavior, and motor skills in children with new-onset, idiopathic epilepsy. Dev Med Child Neurol 2010; 52: 22-26. DOI: 10.nn/j.1469-8749.2009.03404.x

5. You S.J. Cognitive function of idiopathic childhood epilepsy. Korean J Pediatr 2012; 55(5): 159-163. DOI: 10.3345/kjp.2012.55.5.159

6. Loughman A., Bowden S.C., D’Souza W.J. A comprehensive assessment of cognitive function in the common genetic generalized epilepsy syndromes. Eur J Neurol 2016; 24(3): 453460. DOI: 10.1111/ene.13232

7. GamirovaR.G., GorobetsE.A., Ahutina T.V., Esin R.G. Impact of Antiepileptic Drugs on Cognitive Functions in Children and Adolescents. Rossiyskiy festnik Perinatologii i Pediatrii (Russian Bulletin of Perinatology and Pediatrics) 2018; 63(5): 130-134. (in Russ.) DOI: 10.21508/1027-4065-2018-63-5-130-134.

8. Hommet C., Sauerwein H.C., De Toffol B., Lassonde M. Idiopathic epileptic syndromes and cognition. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2006; 30(1): 85-96. DOI: 10.5505/epilepsi.2014.70894

9. Caplan R, Siddarth P., Stahl L., Lanphier E., Vona P., Gurba-ni S. et al. Childhood absence epilepsy: behavioral, cognitive, and linguistic comorbidities. Epilepsia 2008; 49: 1838-1846. DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2008.01680.x

10. Dlugos D., Shinnar S., Cnaan A., Hu F., Moshe S, Mizrahi E. et al. Pretreatment EEG in childhood absence epilepsy. Associations with attention and treatment outcome. Neurol 2013; 81: 150-156. DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e31829a3373

11. Dodrill C.B. Correlates of generalized tonic-clonic seizures with intellectual, neuropsychological, emotional, and social function in patients with epilepsy. Epilepsia 1986; 27: 399411. DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1157.1986.tb03559.x

12. Thompson P.J., Duncan J.S. Cognitive decline in severe intractable epilepsy. Epilepsia 2005; 46: 1780-1787. DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2005.00279.x

13. Caplan R., Siddarth P., Bailey C.E., Lanphier E.K., Gurba-ni S., Shields W.D. et al. Thought disorder: A developmental disability in pediatric epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav 2006; 8(4): 726-735. DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2006.03.009

14. Germano E., Gagliano A., Arena C., Marotta R., Roccella M. Reading-writing disorder in children with idiopathic epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav 2020; 111: 107118. DOI: 10.1016/j.ye-beh.2020.107118

15. Elixhauser A., Leidy N.K., Meador K., Means E., Willian M.K. The relationship between memory performance, perceived cognitive function, and mood in patients with epilepsy. Epilepsy Res 1999; 37(1): 13-24. DOI: 10.1016/S0920-1211(99)00036-4

16. Piazzini A., Canevini M.P., Maggiori G., Canger. The perception of memory failures in patients with epilepsy. Eur J Neurol 2001; 8(6): 613-620. DOI: 10.1046/j.1468-1331.2001.00287.x

17. Kadis D.S., Stollstorff M., Elliott I., Lach L., Smith M.L. Cognitive and psychological predictors of everyday memory in children with intractable epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav 2004; 5: 37-43. DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2003.10.008

18. Duff M.C., Covington N.V., Hilverman C., Cohen N.J. Semantic Memory and the Hippocampus: Revisiting, Reaffirming, and Extending the Reach of Their Critical Relationship. Front Hum Neurosci 2020; 13: 471. DOI: 10.3389/fn-hum.2019.00471

19. Tulving E. Multiple memory systems and consciousness. Hum Neurobiol 1987; 6(2): 67-80.

20. Baddeley A. The episodic buffer: a new component of working memory? Trends Cogn Sci 2000; 4: 417- 423. DOI: 10.1016/S1364-6613(00)01538-2

21. Abarrategui B., Parejo-Carbonell B., Garcia M.E. The cognitive phenotype of idiopathic generalized epilepsy. Epilepsy and Behavior 2018; 89: 99-104. DOI: 10.1016/j.ye-beh.2018.10.007

22. Hingray C., McGonigal A., Kotwas I., Micoulaud-Franchi J.A. The Relationship Between Epilepsy and Anxiety Disorders. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2019; 21(6): 40. DOI: 10.1007/s11920-019-1029-9

23. Ziganshina L., Gamirova R., Abakumova T.Gabapentin monotherapy for epilepsy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2017; 6: CD012710. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD012710

24. D’Agati E., Cerminara C., Casarelli L., Pitzianti M., Curato-lo P. Attention and executive functions profile in childhood absence epilepsy. Brain Dev 2012; 34(10): 812-817. DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2012.03.001

25. Cheng D., Yan X., Gao Z., Xu K., Zhou X., Chen Q. Neurocognitive Profiles in Childhood Absence Epilepsy. Journal of Child Neurology 2016; 32(1): 46-52. DOI: 10.1177/0883073816668465

26. Pascalicchio T.F., de Araujo Filho G.M., da Silva Noffs M.H., Lin K., Caboclo L.O., Vidal-Dourado M. et al. Neuropsychological profile of patients with juvenile myoclonic epilepsy: a controlled study of 50 patients. Epilepsy Behav 2007; 10: 263-267. DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2006.11.012

27. Gamirova R.G., Shaimardanova R.M., Gamirova R.R., Pru-sakov V.F. New view at clinical and therapeutic aspects of juvenile myoclonic epilepsy. Prakticheskaya meditsina (Practical Medicine) 2019; 17(7): 33-37. (in Russ.) DOI: 10.32000/2072-1757-2019-7-33-37

28. Roebling R., Scheerer N., Uttner I., Gruber O., Kraft E., Lerche H. Evaluation of cognition, structural, and functional MRI in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy. Epilepsia 2009; 50 (11): 2456-2465. DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2009.02127.x

29. Wirrell E., Camfield C., Camfield P., Gordon K., Dooley J. Long-term prognosis of typical childhood absence epilepsy. Neurology 1997; 49(4): 1187-1187. DOI: 10.1212/WNL.49.4.1187-a

30. Weglage J., Demsky A., Pietsch M., Kurlemann G. Neuropsychological, intellectual, and behavioral findings in patients with centrotemporal spikes with and without seizures. Dev Med Child Neurol 1997; 39: 646-651. DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8749.1997.tb07357.x

31. Pinel P., Piazza M., Le Bihan D., Dehaene S. Distributed and overlapping cerebral representations of number, size, and luminance during comparative judgments. Neuron 2004; 41: 983-993. DOI: 10.1016/s0896-6273(04)00107-2

32. Jackson D.C., Jones J.E., Hsu D.A., Stafstrom C.E., Lin J.J., Almane D. et al. Language function in childhood idiopathic epilepsy syndromes. Brain Language 2019; 193: 4-9. DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2017.12.005

33. Gesche J., Christensen J., Hjalgrim H., Rubboli G., Beier C.P. Epidemiology and outcome of idiopathic generalized epilepsy in adults. Eur J Neurol 2020; 27(4): 676-684. DOI: 10.1111/ene.14142

34. Fisher R.S., Vickrey B.G., Gibson P., Hermann B., Penovich P., Scherer A. et al. The impact of epilepsy from the patient’s perspective. I. Descriptions and subjective perceptions. Epilepsy Res 2000; 41(1): 39-51. DOI: 10.1016/S0920-1211(00)00126-1

35. Hall K.E., Isaac C.L., Harris P. Memory complaints in epilepsy: an accurate reflection of memory impairment or an indicator of poor adjustment? A review of the literature. Clin Psychol Rev 2009; 29(4): 354-367. DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2009.03.001

36. Marino S.E., Meador K.J., Loring D.W., Okun M.S., Fernandez H.H., Fessler A.J. et al. Subjective perception of cognition is related to mood and not performance. Epilepsy Behav 2009; 14(3): 459-464. DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2014.11.017