Comprehensive diagnosis of arterial hypertension in athletes specializing in various sports

While for adult athletes, increasing blood pressure is one of the main reasons for withdrawing from sports for medical reasons, for children this issue is only being studied. Prevalence, risk factors for arterial hypertension and target organ involvement in young (under 18 years old) athletes’ population of different sports specialization and skill levels have not yet been determined.
The purpose of this work was an attempt to determine the arterial hypertension prevalence depending on sports affiliation among highly trained young athletes. It was determined that in athletes the blood pressure’s level, as well as some markers of hidden hypertension, vary significantly (0–23%) depending on diagnostics method, sports specialization, and professional experience.

1. Talibov A.H., Polyanichko M.V. Maladaptive left ventricular myocardial remodeling rates in athletes of various sports. Uchenye zapiski universiteta Lesgafta 2017; 3(145): 209–213. (in Russ.)

2. Tyolkin K.Yu. Changes in the cardiovascular system in children engaged in highly dynamic sports identified by functional tests. Collection of materials from the conference of students and young scientists. Grodno, 2017; 545–546. (in Russ.)

3. Popova A.A., Mayanskaya S.D., Mayanskaya N.N., Bereznikova E.N., Hidirova L.D. Arterial hypertension and endothelial dysfunction (part 1). Vestnik sovremennoi klinicheskoi meditsiny 2009; 2(2): 41–46. (in Russ.)

4. Tursunov H.Z., Hakimova F.T., Holieva N.H. Sport’s heart. Molodoi uchenyi 2017;15(149): 677–679. (in Russ.)

5. Tihomirov A.Yu., Minyaeva O.V., Tihomirova T.V. Experience in the use of a non-selective beta-blocker in complex therapy of disintegration and repolarization in young sportsmen. Research’n Practical Medicine Journal 2017; 4: 50–57. (in Russ.)

6. Fedina N.N., Makarov L.M., Komolyatova V.N., Besportochnyj D.A., Kiseleva I.I. Blood pressure in young elite athletes with a sample with dosed physical activity. Prevention-2015: scientific and practical conference with international participation. Profilaktika-2015: scientific and practical conference with international participation. M., 2015; 53–54.

7. Aleksandrov A.A., Kislyak O.A., Leont’eva I.V. on behalf of experts. Clinical guidelines. Diagnosis, treatment and prevention of hypertension in children and adolescents. Systemic hypertension. Sistemnye gipertenzii 2020; 17(2): 7–35. (in Russ.)

8. Sharma S., Drezner J.A., Baggish A., Papadakis M., Wilson M.G., Prutkin J.M. et al. International Recommendations for Electrocardiographic Interpretation in Athletes. J Am Coll Cardiol 2017; 69(8): 1057–1075. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2017.01.015

9. Balykova L.A., Ivyanskij S.A., Shirokova A.A., Shchekina N.V., Miheeva K.N. Assessment of blood pressure levels in children attracted to regular sports activities. Pediatriya. Zhurnal im. G.N. Speranskogo (Pediatria. Journal named after G.N. Speransky) 2015; (94)6: 48–54. (in Russ.)

10. Blank C., Schobersberger W., Leichtfried V., Duschek S. Health Psychological Constructs as Predictors of Doping Susceptibility in Adolescent Athletes. Asian J Sports Med 2016; 7(4): 35–24. DOI: 10.5812/asjsm.35024

11. Huang Z., Sharman J.E., Fonseca R., Park C., Chaturvedi N., Davey Smith G. et al. Masked hypertension and submaximal exercise blood pressure among adolescents from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). Scand J Med Sci Sports 2020; 30(1): 25–30. DOI: 10.1111/sms.13525

12. Lurbe E., Agabiti-Roseic E., Cruickshankd J.K., Dominiczak A., Erdine S., Hirth A. 2016 European Society of Hypertension guidelines for the management of high blood pressure in children and adolescents. J Hypertens 2016; 34(10): 1887–1920. DOI: 10.1097/HJH.0000000000001039

13. Schweiger V., Niederseer D., Schmied C., Attenhofer-Jost C., Caselli S. Athletes and Hypertension. Curr Cardiol Rep 2021;23(12): 176. DOI: 10.1007/s11886-021-01608-x

14. Berge H.M., Andersen T.E., Solberg E.E., Steine K. High ambulatory blood pressure in male professional football players. Br J Sports Med 2013; 47(8): 521–525. DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2013-092354

15. Koletsos N., Dipla K., Triantafyllou A., Gkaliagkousi E., Sachpekidis V., Zafeiridis A., Douma S. A brief submaximal isometric exercise test ‘unmasks’ systolic and diastolic masked hypertension. J Hypertens 2019; 37(4): 710–719. DOI: 10.1097/HJH.0000000000001943

16. Kim Y.J., Park Y., Kang D.H., Kim C.H. Excessive Exercise Habits in Marathoners as Novel Indicators of Masked Hypertention. Epub 2017; 2017: 1342842. DOI: 10.1155/2017/1342842

17. Trachsel L.D., Carlen F., Brugger N., Seiler C., Wilhelm M. Masked hypertension and cardiac remodeling in middle-aged endurance athletes. J Hypertens 2015; 33(6): 1276–1283. DOI: 10.1097/HJH.0000000000000558

18. Rodrigues J.C.L., Amadu A.M., Ghosh Dastidar A., Harries I., Burchell A.E., Ratcliffe L.E.K. et al. Noctural dipping status and left ventricular hypertrophy: A cardiac magnetic resonance imaging study. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2018; 20(4): 784–793. DOI: 10.1111/jch.13235

19. Cilsal E. In newly diagnosed hypertensive children, increased arterial stiffness and reduced heart rate variability were associated with a non-dipping blood pressure pattern. Rev Port Cardiol (Engl Ed) 2020; 39(6): 331–338. DOI: 10.1016/j.repc.2020.02.009

20. Lovic D., Narayan P., Pittaras A., Faselis Ch., Doumas M., Kokkinos P. et al. Left ventricular hypertrophy in athletes and hypertensive patients. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2017; 19(4): 413–417. DOI: 10.1111/jch.12977