Neurofibromatosis type 1 is a multisystem genetic disorder characterized by the development of benign and malignant tumors, among which plexiform neurofibromas occupy a special place. These tumors, which occur in 10–30% of patients, significantly impair the quality of life, causing pain, disfigurement and functional impairment. Traditional treatment of plexiform neurofibromas was limited to surgical intervention, but the possibility of radical resection of tumors exists only in a small number of patients. The use of the selective MEK inhibitor selumetinib has opened a new stage of therapy for inoperable plexiform neurofibromas. Clinical studies demonstrate a significant reduction in tumor volume (68% of patients showed a partial response with long-term improvement) and improvement in clinical symptoms, such as pain and motor impairment. Despite predominantly mild or moderate toxicity, the most common adverse events included skin reactions, gastrointestinal disorders, and increased creatine phosphokinase levels, requiring careful monitoring and timely correction. The introduction of selumetinib into clinical practice has significantly changed the approach to managing patients with neurofibromatosis type 1, allowing for effective control of plexiform neurofibromas growth, improving the quality of life of patients, and minimizing the need for repeated traumatic surgical interventions. However, further study of optimal doses, duration of treatment, and monitoring of adverse events during targeted therapy of inoperable plexiform neurofibromas in children with neurofibromatosis type 1 is required.

Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome is the most prevalent natural focal infection in the Volga Federal District. The incidence of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in children ranges from 2–10%. According to most researchers, this disease in children typically follows a milder course compared to adults. In some pediatric cases, hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome may present without acute kidney injury. Severe forms of the disease are associated with pathogen-specific factors and the intensity of the immune response. For diagnosis of the syndrome, serological testing remains the standard approach, while polymerase chain reaction may be utilized in early stages. A characteristic ultrasonographic finding in hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome is the “prominent pyramids sign”.

Tuberous sclerosis is a rare genetic disease characterized by the development of benign tumors in various organs, including the kidneys. Renal lesions in tuberous sclerosis are most often represented by angiomyolipomas and cysts, which can lead to various complications, such as bleeding, renal failure and malignant transformation. This review article examines current concepts of the pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnostics and treatment methods of renal lesions in tuberous sclerosis, as well as prospects for further research in this area.

Children with severe traumatic brain injury are at high risk of developing nutritional disorders, the frequency of which, according to the literature, reaches 50%.

The aim of the study is to analyze the structure and frequency of nutritional disorders in children after severe traumatic brain injury for subsequent dietary correction.

Materials and methods. The study examined anthropometric parameters and body composition using bioimpedance analysis in 33 children with severe traumatic brain injury in the acute period (Me — 24 days (Q1-Q3: 16.5–35.5) from the moment of injury). In 10 children, these indicators were assessed dynamically after an average of 121 days (Q1-Q3: 63.2 — 142.2).

Results. A high frequency of protein-energy malnutrition was revealed (in 42.4% of patients), as well as significant disturbances in body component composition: 83% of children were diagnosed with skeletal muscle mass deficiency and sarcopenia. During dynamic observation, sarcopenia persisted or worsened in 90% of patients, and 15% were at risk of sarcopenic obesity. Phase angle indicators decreased by the second visit, indicating a decrease in physical activity and deterioration of nutritional status. Statistically significant correlations of the phase angle with mineral mass and active cell mass indicators confirm the importance of a comprehensive assessment of body composition.

Conclusion. The introduction of bioimpedance analysis into a comprehensive assessment of the nutritional status of children with severe traumatic brain injury allows us to differentiate the type of nutritional disorders, monitor them for further nutritional correction in order to optimize the rehabilitation process in children after severe traumatic brain injury.

Children with cerebral palsy have a number of risk factors for the development of sarcopenic obesity: low motor activity, limited joint mobility, eating disorders, deficiency of actual nutrition, dysphagia, taking medications.

The aim of the study was to analyze the frequency and structure of sarcopenic obesity depending on the type of physical development, gender, form and class of motor activity in children with cerebral palsy

Materials and methods. Anthropometric indicators (body weight, height, body mass index), body component composition were studied in 132 children with spastic forms of cerebral palsy aged 4–17 years with the level of motor disorders GMFCS I–V. Sarcopenic obesity was detected with an increase in the MFR — muscle-to-fat ratio index, calculated as the ratio of the content of musculoskeletal mass to fat mass.

Results. According to the level of physical development, underweight prevailed in 50% of children, and overweight and obesity were observed in 11% of patients. Sarcopenic obesity was detected in 15.9% of children with cerebral palsy, its frequency did not significantly differ in children depending on gender, class of motor activity and form. Sarcopenic obesity was more often found in overweight and obese children than in children with normal physical development and protein-energy deficiency (p<0,001).

Conclusions: The conducted study shows the need to use bioimpedance analysis and calculation of the MFR indicator in assessing the nutritional status of children with cerebral palsy for the timely diagnosis of sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity and the appointment of correction.

Since 2023, there has been an increase in the incidence of pneumonia caused by atypical bacteria, primarily Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Atypical pathogens have several common features: they are not cultured by conventional microbiological methods, are obligate or facultative intracellular parasites, often cause extrapulmonary symptoms and, importantly for clinicians, due to the absence of a peptide cell wall, they do not respond to β-lactam antibiotics.

The aim of the study was to identify clinical and laboratory features of pneumonia associated with M. pneumoniae and C. pneumoniae in children hospitalized in an infectious diseases hospital.

Materials and methods. A retrospective analysis of 355 medical records of children hospitalized in an infectious diseases hospital with a diagnosis of atypical pneumonia was conducted. The patients were divided into groups: 298 patients with mycoplasma pneumonia, 22 children with chlamydial pneumonia and 35 children with a combination of M.pneumoniae and C.pneumoniae.

Results and conclusions. Modern atypical pneumonia in hospitalized children is characterized by an acute onset with the development of fever (79%, 280/355), asthenia (90%, 319/355) and cough (94.5%, 336/355). Dyspnea develops in 30%, 105/355, respiratory failure in most cases is moderate, only 13%, 48/355 of hospitalized patients need respiratory support. More often, the process is right-sided (46.8%, 166/355), auscultatory signs are present in 82%, 293/355 children. Extrapulmonary manifestations in the form of damage to the gastrointestinal tract and skin are recorded in an average of 7–15%.

Background. Complications of acute rhinosinusitis remain a serious problem in pediatrics due to the high risk of adverse outcome. Despite the era of modern diagnostic methods, antibiotics, vaccines, the number of orbital complications of acute rhinosinusitis is not approaching zero.

Aim: to analyze the medical records of patients with orbital rhinosinusogenic complications and to identify factors contributing to the development of complications.

Materials and methods. A total of 37 medical records of patients aged 0 to 15 years with orbital complications of acute rhinosinusitis in 2023–2024, who received examination and treatment at the Kazan Children’s Republican Clinical Hospital, were retrospectively analyzed. The data were analyzed using the StatTech v. 4.2.6 program (developer — Stattech LLC, Russia).

Results and discussion. Treated in 2023. — 27 patients, in 2024 — 10 patients, 30% received antibacterial therapy at the prehospital stage. The median age of patients in the study was 6.97±4.04 years, patients aged 8 to 14 years prevailed (n=16). 27 boys (73%), 10 girls (27%) (p=0.012). Orbital complications are represented by subperiosteal orbital abscess (n=20, 54%) and preseptal cellulitis with reactive edema and eyelid hyperemia (46%, n=17). 67.6% of patients (n=25) were not vaccinated against S. Pneumoniae, 12 patients had at least one S. Pneumoniae vaccine (p=0.033). 9 patients (24.3%) were immunized against H. Influenzae, of which only 7 patients were immunized according to the full regimen.

Conclusions. The high-risk group includes children aged 0 to 7 years, especially boys. A decrease in the collective immunity of the pediatric population due to various reasons contributes to a more frequent incidence of acute rhinosinusitis. Endoscopic rhinosinussurgery minimizes surgical trauma and reduces the length of hospital stay. 70% of patients in the study did not receive antibiotics at the prehospital stage, adequate dosages of which should be considered an additional controllable factor preventing complications of acute rhinosinusitis.

Study aim is to assess the clinical significance of changes in the cytokine profile in children with mononucleosis-like syndrome associated with SARS-CoV-2 and herpesvirus infection.

Materials and methods. The study included 100 children hospitalized with a diagnosis of COVID-19, herpesvirus infection, with clinical manifestations of mononucleosis-like syndrome. Group 1 consisted of 15 patients with COVID-19 combined with herpesvirus infection (SI, n=15); group 2 — 27 children with COVID-19 without herpesvirus infection; group 3 — 58 patients with active herpesvirus infection. The levels of cytokines (IL-1, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNF-α, IFN-α, IFN-γ) in the blood were investigated, and the relationship between the obtained results and clinical-laboratory parameters was assessed.

Results. The levels of IL-4 (16.4 pg/mL) and IL-10 (32.9 pg/mL) were the highest in the CoI group. Significant elevation of major proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α) was not observed, excepting IL-2. The level of IL-2 was approximately twice the normal value in the co-infection group (23.3 pg/mL) and significantly higher in the COVID-19 monoinfection group (52 pg/ mL) and in monovariant herpesvirus infections (57.4 pg/mL). Correlation analysis revealed associations between changes in proinflammatory cytokine levels and the duration of hospitalization, fever (IL-2, IL-8), dyspnea (IL-1, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α), and lymphadenopathy (IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α); similar effects were recorded for IFN-γ.

Discussion and conclusion. The cytokine profile in children with combined SARS-CoV-2 and herpesvirus infection is characterized by a moderate increase in IL-2 levels, which indirectly indicates suppression of proliferation and differentiation of CD8⁺ lymphocytes — key factors in the immunological surveillance of latent herpesviruses. Increased production of IL-4 and IL-10 in CoI demonstrates a shift in the immune response towards a Th2 profile. The obtained data suggest that active SARS-CoV-2 infection creates conditions for the reactivation of latent herpesviruses.

Respiratory diseases in children occupy a leading position in the structure of childhood morbidity and are the focus of attention of pediatricians both due to their high prevalence and the high risk of developing complicated and chronic forms. An urgent task of modern pediatrics is to study not only the etiology, but also the pathogenetic mechanisms of the development of lower respiratory tract lesions due to the difficulties in diagnosis and the high risk of developing life-threatening conditions. Due to the special role of Streptococcus pneumoniae among pneumotropic pathogens, it was of interest to search for characteristic etiopathogenetic features of the development of pneumonias caused by this pathogen.

Purpose. To study the activity of lipoperoxidation indicators, as well as the course of pro- and anti-inflammatory reactions by the level of cytokines in the peripheral blood in children with community-acquired pneumonia of various etiologies.

Material and methods. The study included 129 children (58 boys and 71 girls) aged 5 to 17 years with various morphological variants of community-acquired pneumonia, who were divided into groups based on the etiology of the pathogen. All children had their levels of TNF-α, IL-1, IL-4, and IL-8 interleukins determined using ELISA, as well as their levels of malondialdehyde, antioxidant activity, and ceruloplasmin in their blood serum.

Results. It was shown that 24.8% of the examined children had Streptococcus pneumoniae-induced pneumonia, with 84.3% of them showing clinically significant intoxication and respiratory disorders, and 65.6% showing a decrease in O2 saturation to 91–93%. This group also showed the highest values of pro-inflammatory cytokines, malondialdehyde, and the lowest values of total antioxidant activity and ceruloplasmin. The more subtle clinical symptoms of other types of viral pneumonia were accompanied by parallel increases in pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and less significant disturbances in peroxide homeostasis.

Conclusions. Outpatient pneumococcal pneumonia is usually characterized by severe clinical course, high pro-inflammatory cytokine activity, and impaired peroxide homeostasis.

Diabetes mellitus is a disease accompanied by the development of various complications, one of which is diabetic nephropathy.

Objective: to determine the clinical and diagnostic value of endothelial dysfunction in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus.

Material and methods. The study included 87 children with type 1 diabetes mellitus, the control group consisted of 21 conditionally healthy children. All patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus were divided into two groups depending on the presence or absence of signs of kidney damage. Special research methods included determining the concentration of endothelin 1 and nitric oxide (NO) in blood plasma.

Results. A statistically significant increase in the level of endothelin 1 and NO in plasma was revealed in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus compared to the control group (p<0.001). When analyzing the level of endothelin 1 in blood plasma, it should be noted that it increases as chronic kidney disease progresses (p<0.001). In the group of children with type 1 diabetes without kidney damage, a statistically significant increase in NO levels was noted, followed by a decrease as chronic kidney disease progressed (p<0.001). In children with hyperfiltration, endothelin 1 and NO levels were statistically significantly higher compared to children with type 1 diabetes without kidney damage (p<0.001). Dyslipidemia plays an important role in the development of vascular complications of diabetes. In children with type 1 diabetes and dyslipidemia, the endothelin 1 level was significantly higher compared to children with type 1 diabetes without dyslipidemia (p=0.046). A prognostic model was developed to determine the probability of kidney damage in children with type 1 diabetes depending on the concentration of low-density lipoprotein in the blood.

Conclusions. The study of endothelial dysfunction markers (endothelin 1 and NO) in the blood has diagnostic significance in the formation and progression of chronic kidney disease in children with type 1 diabetes. Hyperfiltration is an early predictor of diabetic nephropathy formation at the preclinical stage of the disease.

Hypophosphatasia is a rare hereditary disease caused by a deficiency of tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase, leading to impaired mineralization of bones and teeth. The article presents a clinical case of a child with an infantile form of hypophosphatasia, manifested by delayed motor development, deformation of the lower extremities and premature loss of teeth. The diagnosis was confirmed by a molecular genetic study that revealed compound heterozygous mutations in the ALPL gene. Enzyme replacement therapy with asfotase alpha was prescribed, against the background of which positive dynamics were noted.

Cat eye syndrome is a rare genetic pathology characterized by the presence of an additional small supernumerary marker chromosome formed from copies of a region of chromosome 22, resulting in partial tetrasomy. However, Cat eye syndrome cases with partial or complete trisomy of chromosome 22 are also reported. This article presents descriptions of three atypical clinical cases of the syndrome, one of which is comorbid by epilepsy, and therefore its description is more detailed. The clinical picture of these three cases did not include the classic triad of the syndrome. Current study provides new information on possible variants of the Cat eye syndrome phenotype, including comorbidity with epilepsy, and contributes to the formation of a database that allows for a detailed and comprehensive study of the Cat eye syndrome.

Cases of familial chylomicronemia or hyperlipoproteinemia type I, an autosomal recessive disorder associated with impaired functional activity of lipoprotein lipase, are rarely encountered in pediatric clinical practice. This disorder is characterized by hypertriglyceridemia due to elevated chylomicrons. Patients present with recurrent abdominal pain, episodes of acute pancreatitis, erosive skin xanthomas, and lipemic (“milky white”) plasma/serum. Two clinical cases of this rare disorder are presented.

This paper presents a clinical case of a child who has been observed since the age of 6 months for13 years and describes the progression of eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Charge-Strauss syndrome). This case demonstrates the diagnosis challenges in the child with severe asthma and highlights the need to expand the knowledge of health care professionals in this field (pediatricians, rheumatologists, pulmonologists, allergologists, immunologists, dermatologists).

Pachydermoperiostosis is a rare genetic disease manifested by a sharp thickening and compaction of the facial skin as a result of hyperplasia of the connective tissue of the dermis and epidermis, periostosis and deformation of the distal phalanges of the fingers and nails according to the type of «drumsticks» or «watch glasses». The disease is more common in males with an onset in adolescence. One of the reasons for the development of the primary form is a mutation in the HPGD, SLCO2A1 genes, leading to a consistently elevated level of prostaglandins E2 in the blood. The secondary form of pachydermoperiostosis is characterized mainly by bone changes and pathologies of the pulmonary and cardiovascular systems.

Juvenile xanthogranuloma is a rare but common form of non-Langerhans cell histiocytosis that affects infants under 2 years of age. In most children, the disease is limited to the skin, manifested by red or yellow nodules 0.5–1.0 cm in diameter, single or multiple, arising on the scalp, face, neck, and trunk. Elements may spontaneously disappear within several months or several years. Most patients with cutaneous juvenile xanthogranuloma do not require treatment. Systemic involvement is observed in patients with multiple cutaneous nodules and can be accompanied by life-threatening symptoms with a mortality rate of about 4% and rarely resolves spontaneously. The article presents a clinical observation of an atypical course of systemic juvenile xanthogranuloma with involvement of the central nervous system, skin, lungs, liver, bladder, uterus, and vagina. The clinical and histological features of the disease are characterized, and various approaches to targeted therapy with BRAF and MEK inhibitors are shown.

A case of neonatal sepsis caused by Burkcholderia cepacia in a full-term newborn is presented. A diagnosis of sepsis caused by Burkholderia cepacia was made in a full-term newborn. Since the first day of life, the infant displayed signs of respiratory distress syndrome, necessitating mechanical ventilation of the lungs, and cardiovascular disorders. Chest X-ray results indicated pneumonia. There were signs of multi-organ failure, which scored 4 points on the neonatal Sepsis-related Organ Failure Assessment (nSOFA) scale. Blood tests revealed an elevated C-reactive protein level of 39.3 mg/L. Burkholderia cepacia was isolated from both blood and the endotracheal tube. The child received combined antibiotic therapy with ampicillin/sulbactam and amikacin from birth. But positive dynamics were observed during treatment with ceftazidime: signs of respiratory distress syndrome diminished, and the infant was extubated after three days. The C-reactive protein level in the blood decreased to normal values. The child was discharged home in satisfactory condition on the 28th day of hospitalization.

A clinical observation of Lemierre syndrome, which debuted with a pharyngeal infection, followed by the development of thrombosis of both jugular veins, cerebral sinus thrombosis and septic embolism to the lungs and soft tissues of the neck in an overweight adolescent, is presented. The trigger that launched the cascade of vascular catastrophe was apparently the COVID-19 infection. The role of anticoagulant therapy and empirical treatment with broad-spectrum antibiotics with subsequent de-escalation is shown.

Ascariasis is a widespread geohelminthiasis. Ascariasis in children leads to sensitization of the body and the development of pronounced general and local allergic reactions in the form of various skin rashes, urticaria, and suffocation. In addition, ascariasis in children contributes to immunosuppression, which increases the susceptibility of the child’s body to various infectious diseases. According to current clinical guidelines, anthelmintic drugs are indicated in confirmed cases. Confirmation of the diagnosis of “Ascariasis” is often associated with a number of difficulties. The article considers a case of ascariasis accompanied by pronounced exanthema syndrome in an 8-year-old girl. During the therapy, a significant reduction in the skin syndrome, relief of other symptoms of the disease, and normalization of laboratory parameters were achieved.

Mycoplasma pneumoniae is one of the most significant bacterial pathogens in the structure of respiratory infections in children. In 5–10% cases the course of disease is “atypical” pneumonia, in other cases, mycoplasmosis occurs with symptoms of upper respiratory tract infection, often in combination with extrapulmonary manifestations; the frequency of the latter can reach 25%, the main are skin and mucous membrane lesions. Cases of arthritis, encephalitis, myelitis, severe anemia, myocarditis etc. are also described among other extrapulmomary manifestations. In 60% of children infected with Mycoplasma pneumoniae there is might becoinfection with other pathogens, in every fifth it is SARS-CoV-2. We present a clinical observation of a 16-year-old patient with acute respiratory tract infection and mucositis caused by combined infection with M.pneumoniae and SARS-CoV-2 with the reactivation of EBV infection.

Therapy of patients with relapsing steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome is an important and unresolved problem. Long-term and frequent use of high doses of corticosteroids is associated with the development of side effects of therapy. The long-term goal of steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome treatment is stable remission of the disease, minimization of side effects and improvement of the patient’s quality of life. In 2023, the International Association of Pediatric Nephrologists (IPNA) published updated recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome in children, according to which, in order to choose the best initial option for steroid-sparing therapy and the optimal sequence of agents, it is recommended to take into account the type and severity of the disease, age, onset of puberty, potential adherence, side effect profile, comorbidities, cost and availability of drugs. In our review, we aimed to consider one of the options for steroid-sparing therapy for steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome using the drug levamisole. Levamisole is a drug with an immunomodulatory effect, normalizes cellular immunity. The conducted clinical trials have increased the quality of evidence of the efficacy and safety of levamisole in the treatment of children with steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome. For the purpose of demonstration, a clinical case of a patient with a steroid-sensitive frequently relapsing variant of nephrotic syndrome treated with levamisole is presented. Against the background of taking levamisole for 1.5 years, the child did not have relapses of nephrotic syndrome, proteinuria according to urine tests. In our case, there were no side effects of levamisole therapy. Low toxicity profile, ease of monitoring, low cost of the drug are the advantages of this drug in a number of steroid-sparing agents used for the treatment of steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome.

Hyperglycemia in the blood of a pregnant woman, which develops because of diabetes mellitus, including gestational diabetes, has a negative effect on the fetus. The fetus develops hyperinsulinism, hypercorticism, which leads to the development of macrosomia, hypoxia, and metabolic disorders in the newborn. Macrosomia increases the risk of trauma during childbirth. Metabolic disorders, among which the most common are hypoglycemia, hypomagnesemia, hypocalcemia, hyperbilirubinemia, disrupt the course of the neonatal period, disorders of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems negatively affect the quality of life of the newborn child. Therefore, careful monitoring of the health of the pregnant woman, fetus and newborn is necessary for timely diagnosis and correction of the detected changes. Timely correction is the main guarantee of improving the health of the newborn and preventing long-term consequences, such as various options for CNS disorders. The article provides information on the main points of fetal and newborn developmental disorders, and modern tactics for treating the identified pathology in a child.

Skin lesions in newborns and infants are characterized by a significant diversity, due to which their diagnosis is quite complex and requires knowledge of the clinical picture of a large range of both common and rare dermatoses. The article describes a clinical case of a rare Bloch-Sulzberger syndrome linked to the X-chromosome.

Familial hypercholesterolemia is the most common monogenic hereditary disease in which abnormally high cholesterol levels in the blood are observed since childhood. There is currently no unified approach to monitoring and stratifying cardiovascular risk for children with familial hypercholesterolemia in Russia.

Aim of the study: to develop a monitoring program for children with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia based on a 3-year prospective observation.

Materials and methods. From 2017 to 2024, a comparative prospective longitudinal cohort study was conducted at the Children’s Lipidology Center of the Republican Children’s Clinical Hospital of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Tatarstan (Kazan). The study involved 243 children aged 5 to 17 years: 122 children diagnosed with «familial hypercholesterolemia, heterozygous form» and 121 healthy children. The children were divided into 3 age subgroups: 5–7 years, 8–12 years, 13–17 years. Special examination methods included: study of endothelin-1 level, total concentration of stable nitric oxide metabolites, apolipoprotein A1, apolipoprotein B, lipoprotein (a), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, determination of average pulse wave velocity in the aorta, assessment of the intima-media complex of the common carotid artery.

Results. Concentrations of apolipoprotein A1 and apolipoprotein B, lipoprotein (a) and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein were significantly higher in the main group and did not change with the age of the patients. The values of the intima-media thickness of the common carotid artery and pulse wave velocity, endothelin-1 level depended on the age of children with familial hypercholesterolemia. The obtained results determined the existence of regular differences in the strategy of management of patients with familial hypercholesterolemia in childhood and allowed to scientifically substantiate the program of observation of patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia in childhood.

Conclusion. The proposed algorithm will allow to register early signs of vascular remodeling and to draw up a plan of personalized observation of a child with familial hypercholesterolemia.

Growing pain is one of the conditions from the group of growing diseases and are the most common cause of leg pain in children. The true nature of the disease is still debatable, the development of the syndrome is described by a number of different theories. The article provides a consistent analysis of the prerequisites for the formation, probable anatomical and physiological features of the formation of the syndrome of growing pain in children. The authors provide information on the clinical picture, the dynamics of symptoms. Attention is paid to the differential diagnosis of various conditions with leg pain. Information on approaches to the treatment of the syndrome is provided. From a practical point of view, information is provided on the likelihood and possibility of identifying serious systemic diseases and oncological diseases similar in a number of signs to growing pains.